Accumulation of platinum group elements by the marine gastropod Littorina littorea

The accumulation and trophic transfer of the platinum group elements (PGE): Rh, Pd and Pt; have been studied in short-term (5 day) exposures conducted in aquaria containing the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca, and/or the grazing mollusc, Littorina littorea. Metals added to sea water (to concentrations of 20 μg L⁻¹) were taken up by U. lactuca in the order Rh, Pt > Pd and by L. littorea in the order Pd ≥ Pt ≥ Rh, with greatest metal accumulation in the latter generally occurring in the visceral complex and kidney. When fed contaminated alga, accumulation of Rh and Pd by L. littorea, relative to total available metal, increased by an order of magnitude, while accumulation of Pt was not readily detected. We conclude that the diet is the most important vector for accumulation of Rh and Pd, while accumulation of Pt appears to proceed mainly from the aqueous phase.     

An evaluation of the toxicity and bioaccumulation of cisplatin in the marine environment using the macroalga, Ulva lactuca

The cytotoxic drug, cisplatin (cis-PtCl₂(NH₃)₂), has been added to cultures of the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca, under various experimental conditions. Both accumulation and internalisation over a 48 h period was greater when cisplatin was added to coastal sea water (salinity = 33) from a distilled water solution than when added to either sea water or estuarine water (salinity = 16.5) from a saline solution. This effect is attributed to the greater abundance of the more reactive monoaqua complex (cis-PtCl(OH₂)(NH₃)₂⁺) in the distilled water solution and kinetic constraints on its conversion back to cis-PtCl₂(NH₃)₂ in sea water. Despite its mode of action at the cellular level, cisplatin added up to concentrations of 150 nM did not incur a measurable reduction in the efficiency of photochemical energy conversion under any of experimental conditions tested.     

Toxicity of tire wear particle leachate to the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca

Tire wear particles filed from the treads of end-of-life vehicle tires have been added to sea water to examine the release of Zn and the toxicity of the resulting leachate and dilutions thereof to the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca. Zinc release appeared to be diffusion-controlled, with a conditional rate constant of 5.4 μg[L(h)^1/2]⁻¹, and about 1.6% of total Zn was released after 120 h incubation. Exposure to increasing concentrations of leachate resulted in a non-linear reduction in the efficiency of photochemical energy conversion of U. lactuca and, with the exception of the undiluted leachate, increasing accumulation of Zn. Phototoxicity was significantly lower on exposure to equivalent concentrations of Zn added as Zn(NO₃)₂, suggesting that organic components of leachate are largely responsible for the overall toxicity to the alga. Given the ubiquity and abundance of TWP in urban coastal sediments, the generation, biogeochemistry and toxicity of tire leachate in the marine setting merit further attention.     

南黄海浒苔绿潮暴发区氨基酸时空分布特征

根据南黄海绿潮发展过程将浒苔绿潮区分为35°N以南和35°N以北2个区域,并利用2018年南黄海海域春、夏季2个航次的调查数据研究分析了浒苔绿潮发生前后2个区域总溶解氨基酸（TDAA）、溶解游离氨基酸（DFAA）的分布特征及变化规律.结果表明,TDAA和DFAA的浓度均基本呈现近岸高远岸底的水平分布特点,35°N以南海域夏季相对于春季水体TDAA、DFAA的浓度整体呈现上升趋势,其中TDAA浓度升高程度明显,表、中层TDAA浓度分别升高了24.8%、60.6%,而35°N以北海域水体中TDAA的浓度却降低了8.7%,其中表层水体TDAA含量下降了30.1%.在DIN浓度较低的35°N以北海域,浒苔的吸收利用可能是造成该区域表层水体TDAA含量降低的重要原因.由此可见,35°N以北海域水体氨基酸等小分子有机氮对浒苔绿潮后期的维持发展起着重要的支持作用.     

重金属对浒苔吸收硝酸盐的动力学特性影响

为探讨大型海藻对重金属胁迫的响应,选取浒苔(Ulva prolifera)为实验材料,通过实验室一次性培养实验,从大型藻营养盐吸收动力学角度,研究了Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)对浒苔吸收硝酸盐动力学参数的影响.结果表明:较低浓度的Cu(Ⅱ)(<0.04mg/L)和Zn(Ⅱ)(<0.12mg/L)对浒苔吸收硝酸盐具有促进作用;当达到一定浓度(Cu(Ⅱ)>0.10mg/L和Zn(Ⅱ)>0.20mg/L)时则对浒苔吸收硝酸盐表现为明显的抑制作用,Pb(Ⅱ)对浒苔吸收硝酸盐均是抑制作用.Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)对浒苔吸收硝酸盐的最大吸收速率(V_max)抑制率IPC₅₀分别为0.23,0.66,0.63mg/L.当添加重金属浓度大于0.50mg/L时,重金属对浒苔吸收硝酸盐的抑制顺序为:Cu(Ⅱ)最强,Pb(Ⅱ)次之,Zn(Ⅱ)最小.     

2009年和2010年黄海绿潮浒苔的ITS序列分析

2009年和2010年黄海绿潮爆发时,采集了江苏和山东5个站位的13份漂浮浒苔样品,利用PCR扩增和测序获得了浒苔样品转录间隔区ITS序列(包括5.8S rDNA),依据ITS序列基于邻接法(NJ)和最大简约法(MP)构建系统进化树。形态特征比较表明2009年出现在青岛和乳山的浒苔与2010年出现在青岛、响水和如东的浒苔,形态特征相似。主要特征包括主枝明显,充满气体,分枝较多,藻体细胞纵向排列,形状为四边形或多边形,大小为(13～21)μm×(15～28)μm,一般具有一个蛋白核。比较分析2009年与2010年浒苔的ITS序列全长,发现ITS序列相似性为100%,与GenBank中黄海绿潮浒苔的ITS序列信息完全一致。分子系统学和形态学的结果一致表明2009年和2010年黄海爆发绿潮的浒苔为同一种;结合之前的研究结果,表明2007～2010年连续4 a黄海绿潮的形成种均为浒苔(Ulva prolifera)。     

基于碳氮稳定同位素组成分析的孔石莼对氨氮的吸收

氨氮(NH4-N)是水体中能被藻类直接吸收利用的无机氮。利用稳定同位素技术研究了不同浓度下孔石莼(Ulvapertusa)对NH4-N的吸收,藻类体内δ15N、δ13C的变化。结果显示:试验初始阶段,孔石莼大量吸收水体中的14NH4-N、12CO2用于自身组织的合成,导致水体中氨氮浓度、δ15N和δ13C急剧下降,约在5～25 h,这一阶段水体中氨氮浓度变化很小,藻体15N缓慢降低,达到平缓期;约在25 h后,氨氮浓度缓慢下降,海水中的底物浓度很低,水体中14NH4-N几乎被吸收殆尽,孔石莼开始大幅吸收15NH4-N,δ15N上升。δ13C在4 h后呈现无规律波动。     

共培养体系中石莼和江蓠对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响

研究共培养体系中2种大型海藻石莼(Ulva pertusa)和江蓠(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)的鲜组织和培养液滤液对赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)生长的影响.结果发现:①石莼和江蓠均能明显影响赤潮异弯藻生长,鲜组织的作用更明显,能在短时间内完全灭杀共培养的赤潮异弯藻;石莼对微藻的影响强于江蓠的作用.②除菌作用和补充充足的碳酸盐不能消除或缓解石莼和江蓠对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响,说明细菌和碳限制不是导致大藻对微藻作用的原因.③对共培养体系中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的跟踪测定结果显示,营养盐限制不是造成石莼对赤潮异弯藻影响的原因,但却在江蓠的作用中起重要作用.当向江蓠体系中补充f/2营养盐后发现,充足的营养盐能够减轻但不能完全消除江蓠对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响.另一方面,石莼的起始浓度与其对赤潮异弯藻的生长影响之间存在明显的相关性,石莼的起始浓度越高,对赤潮异弯藻的影响越明显.④实验初步说明,石莼可能通过相生相克作用影响共培养体系中赤潮异弯藻的生长,而相生相克和营养竞争的共同作用是导致江蓠作用的根本原因.     

石莼、铁钉菜和蜈蚣藻对氮源利用的研究

选择三种大型海藻石莼(Ulva lactuca)、铁钉菜(Ishige foliaceaokamurai)、蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia filicina)作为试验材料,设置对照组、ΝO3-Ν(80、160μmol/L)组和ΝH4-Ν(80、160μmol/L)组,研究不同的Ν源对三种大型海藻生长和Ν吸收速率的影响。设置四个温度梯度(5℃、15℃、25℃、30℃)和三个光照梯度(600 lx、1 200 lx、1 800 lx、2 400 lx),研究温度和光照对三种大型海藻Ν吸收速率的影响。试验结果表明:石莼、铁钉菜、蜈蚣藻对两种Ν源ΝO3-Ν、ΝH4-Ν均有不同的反应。三种大型海藻均表现出优先利用ΝO3-Ν的趋势。石莼在ΝO3-Ν和ΝH4-Ν组中均表现出最高的生长和吸收能力。蜈蚣藻在ΝO3-Ν组中表现出比铁钉菜相对高的生长和吸收能力;铁钉菜在ΝH4-Ν组中表现出比蜈蚣藻相对高的生长和吸收能力。温度和光照条件对三种大型海藻ΝO3-Ν和ΝH4-Ν的吸收都有一定的影响。就温度而言,三种海藻对ΝO3-Ν的吸收趋势相似,即15℃时吸收速率最高;对ΝH4-Ν的吸收趋势相似,即5℃时吸收速率最高。就光照而言,三种海藻ΝO3-Ν的吸收趋势相似,即2 400 lx时的吸收速率最高;ΝH4-Ν的吸收趋势相似,即1 200 lx时的吸收速率最高。     

缘管浒苔对利玛原甲藻生长的克生作用

研究了缘管浒苔(Ulva linza)新鲜组织、干粉末、培养水过滤液和抽提液对利玛原甲藻(Prorocentrum lima)生长的克生效应。试验结果表明,缘管浒苔新鲜组织和干粉末对利玛原甲藻均有强烈的克生作用。利玛原甲藻以半连续培养法在缘管浒苔培养水过滤液中的生长受到明显抑制;以一次性培养法在缘管浒苔培养水过滤液中的生长未受到明显抑制;而煮沸的培养水过滤液对利玛原甲藻的生长无抑制作用。这表明,克生效应的产生需要克生物质的连续分泌,且克生物质在高温中易被分解。抽提液的克生作用表现为:甲醇抽提液大于水溶性抽提液大于氯仿抽提液,这表明缘管浒苔组织内的生长抑制活性物质具有相对较高的极性。